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Oct 27, 2006 a row (consider what happens if the super-user renames /dev/nst0 to /dev/nst0.old and creates a new /dev/nst0, for instance). Your best best for 'truly safe' operation, given the non-portability of the whole thing, is to use a system-specific operation (probably an ioctl) to write tape-marks, without ever closing the device. Donald Trump accidentally calls right wing’s version of “religious liberty” exactly what it is: power. Give Donald Trump credit where it’s due: Once in a while, he really does tell it like it is. The /dev/nst0 device is a non rewinding tape device, where as the /dev/st0 device is a rewinding tape device. The device you choose to use depends on your goal. Both devices are for the same piece of hardware but they behave differently. If, for instance, you are just going to tar some files to a tape then you would use the rewinding device so.

In Linux systems, you can use the tar command to archive files to a device, such as a hard drive or tape. The tar program in Linux creates an archive file that can contain other directories and files and (optionally) compress the archive for efficient storage. Then the archive is written to a specified device or another file. Many software packages are distributed in the form of a compressed tar file.

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The command syntax of the tar program in Linux is as follows:

Here, options usually is specified by a sequence of single letters, with each letter specifying what tar does; destination is the device name of the backup device; and source is a list of file or directory names denoting the files to back up.

Backing up and restoring a single-volume archive in Linux

Suppose that you want to back up the contents of the /etc/X11 directory on a hard drive. Log in as root, and type the following command, where xxx represents your drive:

The tar program displays a list of filenames as each file is copied to the compressed tar archive. In this case, the options are zcvf, the destination is /dev/xxx (the drive), and the source is the /etc/X11 directory (which implies all its subdirectories and their contents). You can use a similar tar command to back up files to a tape by replacing the hard drive location with that of the tape device, such as /dev/st0 for a SCSI tape drive.

This table defines a few common tar options in Linux.

Common tar Options
Option	Does the Following
c	Creates a new archive.
f	Specifies the name of the archive file or device on the next field in the command line.
M	Specifies a multivolume archive.
t	Lists the contents of the archive.
v	Displays verbose messages.
x	Extracts files from the archive.
z	Compresses the tar archive by using gzip.

To view the contents of the tar archive that you create on the drive, type the following command (replacing xxx with the drive device):

You see a list of filenames (each beginning with /etc/X11) indicating what’s in the backup. In this tar command, the t option lists the contents of the tar archive.

To extract the files from a tar backup, follow these steps while logged in as root:

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Change the directory to/tmp by typing this command:
This step is where you can practice extracting the files from the tar backup. For a real backup, change the directory to an appropriate location. (Typically, you type cd /.)
Type the following command:
This tar command uses the x option to extract the files from the archive stored on the device (replace xxx with the drive).

Now if you check the contents of the /tmp directory, you notice that the tar command creates an etc/X11 directory tree in /tmp and restores all the files from the tar archive to that directory. The tar command strips the leading / from the filenames in the archive and restores the files in the current directory. If you want to restore the /etc/X11 directory from the archive, use this command (substituting the device name for xxx):

The -C option changes directories to the directory specified (in this case, the root directory of /) before doing the tar; the / at the end of the command denotes the directory where you want to restore the backup files.

In Linux systems, you can use the tar command to create, view, and restore an archive. You can store the archive in a file or in any device you specify with a device name.

Backing up and restoring a multivolume archive in Linux

Sometimes, the capacity of a single storage medium is less than the total storage space needed to store the archive. In this case, you can use the M option for a multivolume archive, meaning that the archive can span multiple tapes. Note, however, that you can’t create a compressed, multivolume archive, so you have to drop the z option.

The M tells tar to create a multivolume archive. The tar command prompts you for a second media when the first one is filled. Take out the first media and insert another when you see the following prompt:

When you press Enter, the tar program continues with the second media. For larger archives, the tar program continues to prompt for new media as needed.

To restore from this multivolume archive, type cd /tmp to change the directory to /tmp. (The /tmp is used directory for illustrative purposes, but you have to use a real directory when you restore files from archive.) Then type (replacing xxx with the device you’re using)

The tar program prompts you to feed the media as necessary.

Use the du -s command to determine the amount of storage you need for archiving a directory. Type du -s /etc to see the total size of the /etc directory in kilobytes, for example. Here’s typical output from that command:

The resulting output shows that the /etc directory requires at least 35,724 kilobytes of storage space to back up.

Backing up on tapes for Linux systems

Although backing up on tapes is as simple as using the right device name in the tar command, you do have to know some nuances of the tape device to use it well. When you use tar to back up to the device named /dev/st0 (the first SCSI tape drive), the tape device automatically rewinds the tape when the tar program finishes copying the archive to the tape. The /dev/st0 device is called a rewinding tape device because it rewinds tapes by default.

If your tape can hold several gigabytes of data, you may want to write several tar archives — one after another — to the same tape. (Otherwise, much of the tape may be left empty.) If you plan to do so, your tape device can’t rewind the tape after the tar program finishes. To help you with scenarios like this one, several Linux tape devices are nonrewinding. The nonrewinding SCSI tape device is called /dev/nst0. Use this device name if you want to write one archive after another on a tape.

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